Copper-Coated Steel Fibers: Hybrid Conductive Reinforcements for Advanced Composites micro steel fiber
1. Product Structure and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Framework and Bonding Mechanism
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments including a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically adhered core-shell architecture.
The steel core, usually low-carbon or stainless steel, provides mechanical robustness with tensile toughness going beyond 2000 MPa, while the copper finish– normally 2– 10% of the overall diameter– conveys excellent electrical and thermal conductivity.
The interface in between steel and copper is essential for efficiency; it is crafted with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to guarantee strong adhesion and very little interdiffusion under functional stresses.
Electroplating is one of the most typical technique, using precise thickness control and consistent protection on continual steel filaments drawn with copper sulfate baths.
Correct surface pretreatment of the steel, including cleaning, pickling, and activation, ensures optimal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, stopping delamination throughout subsequent handling or solution.
Over time and at elevated temperatures, interdiffusion can develop weak iron-copper intermetallic phases at the interface, which might compromise adaptability and lasting reliability– a challenge minimized by diffusion obstacles or quick handling.
1.2 Physical and Functional Quality
CCSFs combine the very best qualities of both constituent steels: the high flexible modulus and exhaustion resistance of steel with the superior conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity normally varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), depending on covering density and pureness, making CCSF significantly much more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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