Animal Protein-Based Foaming Agents in Lightweight Concrete: Chemistry, Performance, and Innovation foaming agent for polypropylene
1. Origin, Make-up, and Molecular Design
1.1 Natural Source and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based foaming agents are derived primarily from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from abattoir spin-offs such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
Through regulated alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these architectural healthy proteins are broken down right into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH TWO,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) practical groups.
This double fondness makes it possible for the particles to adsorb efficiently at air– water interfaces throughout mechanical aeration, lowering surface tension and maintaining bubble formation– a vital requirement for creating consistent mobile concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, pet protein foaming agents are naturally degradable, safe, and exhibit exceptional compatibility with Rose city cement systems due to their ionic nature and modest pH buffering capability.
The molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysate– typically between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight influences foam security, drain price, and bubble size, making procedure control during hydrolysis important for constant efficiency.
1.2 Foam Generation System and Microstructure Control
When weakened with water (normally at ratios of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced into a foam generator, the protein option creates a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This movie stands up to coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven growth of larger bubbles at the expense of smaller ones– by forming a mechanically durable interfacial layer strengthened through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam shows high development proportions (generally 15– 25:1) and reduced drain rates (
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